Development General Observation System
00.34 Edit This 0 Comments »Development system can mean to composed a system bew to replace system old ones as a whole or repair system that there. A system necessary developed and repaired.
That troubleshoots existence at system old ones. that troubleshoot is shaped:
· Not neat it in system old ones causes system old ones can not correlating operation as supposed. Not beresna in company.
1. Intentional deceits that causes not wealth treasure the safe companies and truth from data less well guaranted.
2. Errors not intentional also causes truth from data less well guaranted.
3. Not the efficient operation
4. Not the obedient policy manajeman that appointed.
· Growth organism in this case organism growth that causes must composed it system bew. Organism growth among others information need more vaster, data processing volume more increase, bew accountancy principle change.
· To reaches to chances
We see from market conditon, information speed or time efficiency very determine success and plans that have been arranged to reaches to chances existing. In this case competitor can make use it, while company that can not make use this technology. So chances will fall to competitor place. Chances this can be in the form of market opportunities, service that increase to customer with give satisfaction aloof.
· Instructions existence (merectives).
In arrangement system bew can also happen caused by intruksi from on leadership or even also from outside organization, like government regulation for example.
Development purpose system
Troubleshoot existence likes on, so system development is wanted to break existing troubleshoots, reaches to chances existing and fulfil instruction that given.
Supposed enhanced for bew system development:
· Performance (Kinerja)
Enhanced towards performance (work result) system bew so that be effectiveer. Performance measurable from throughput and response time. Throughput total from job that can be done in a moment certain. Response time average time that delay between between two transactions or job augmentings with time response to receive job.
· Information (Informasi)
Information enhanced wanted in a effort so much, where does this matter help us insides progress company itself. Like example in company to offered product passes internet or system the other information.
· Economy (Ekonomis)
Decreasing cost that in a company can beneficial company itself. A example in mail delivery to company other like in this time can pass system information pass internet because can decrease delivery cost with labour or even also pass the other delivery.
· Control (Pengendalian)
Enhanced towards control to detect and repair errors with deceits in a organism.
· Efficiency (Efisiensi)
In this efficiency differs from economy, when does economy relate to resource that used while efficiency relate to to how resource use with extravagance most minimum. Efficiency measurable from output be divided with input.
· Services (Pelayanan)
Enhanced towards service that given by system. For example a company can increase the service pass system information pass internet with get service that wanted although not dating to company itself.
Development principle system
1. System for management
Seta system this developed, so that will use information from system this management. So that system must can support need that need by management.
2. System big investment
In build a system big information is need a goodly capital even less uses a information very good. but every capital investigation must considering 2 matters next:
– Investigation all alternative (meminimum opportunity cost that lost)
When alternative existing ignored and excessive embedded fund to a certain investigation project, so investor will lose to will embedded the fund to other investigation.
– Best investigation must valuable: cost-benefit analysis cost-effectivenes analysis
This best investment is really beneficial compared with alternative the other, but for this best investment self also must be measuresed. This investment is new is said to beneficial when valuable that get larger ones result from capital that embedded previous.
3. system needs educated person
Human so central in build sutu system, good in a development, applications, also in course of oprasi. Educated menyisni must not mean must formally sit at perguruaan tall, but can be done with work training. For example analyst system must has education towards problem at face it. Is not may be a analyst system will develop a system business information without has erudition about business or will develop system accounting information unknowingly erudition little about akuntasi and technology computer.
4. Work stage à system development life cycle
Work stage that meant to a system bew before development process system done, so beforehand must be made sekedul work that demo work stages and job duties that be done, so that development process system can be done and finished successfully as according to time and estimation that planned.
5. System development must not massage
In planning a system can not in a series also be done according to together or concurrent. for example insides development system, designer output be stage that must be done before do file planning, but done according to together.
6. Don't be afraid cancel project
Decision to devolve a project or cancel it really must be evaluated carefully. In certain case, where a project be stopped because improper again, so must be stopped expressly.
7. Documentation system.
Documentation that made and be gatherred during process from development system to can can be used for communication ingredient between analyst system with user system and can be used to push use involvement system.
System Development Life Cycle
Model Waterfall
Picture explanation:
· Requirement
In process requirement this is systems analysis does need collecting process from customer and or management on either from aspect area also business strategy, towards system and or desirable application.
· Design
Furthermore this stage us does systems analysis process, fitur everything that need, need from application that be made good to also the application. Beside that, here we also begin to make design plan from system, like interfaces delegation, the data structure, the architecture, and as it.
· Implementation
Seen from implementation has been continuation from where did we begin meng-implementasi design that made to into program codes that be read by engine language.
· Verification
Verification here same like testing process towards system and or application that made. This process berfokus in internal logic from application that made, ascertain that any line koding mencek. Beside that here we also have done testing process towards possibility towards errors from system that made.
· Maintenance
In course of maintenance here be repair process and maintenance towards system that made. Repair process here done when application and or system that made to experience error after until menangan customer so that must necessary repair process towards system and or caused by development towards a os so that application must be repaired again so that update.
Model Iteratif
Explanation:
Model iteratif here much the same to with model waterfall, here also found processes same, like requirement, design, implementation, and testing (verification).
· Initial planning
Process demoes beginning planning and or beginning ideas to make a system.
· Planning
In course of planning here be a thinking that ripe towards system that be made.
· Requirement
Same like in process requirement model waterfall, here systems analysis does need collecting process from customer and or management on towards system and or desirable application.
· Analysis and design
In this stage us does systems analysis process, fitur everything that need, need from application that be made good to also the application. Beside that, here we also begin to make design plan from system, like interfaces delegation, the data structure, the architecture, and as it.
· Implementation
Implementation has been continuation from where did we begin implementation design that made to into program codes that be read by engine language.
· Deployment
Deployment here the purpose has been distribution process towards system that made, in our meaning distributes beforehand system to society before do testing so that we know our system deficit.
· Testing
Testing here we have done testing towards system and or application that made. This process focus in internal logic from application that made, ascertain that any line koding check. beside that here we also have done testing process towards possibility towards errors from system that made.
· Evaluation
And evaluation here be repair process, maintenance and renewal towards system that made. Repair process here done when application and or system that made to experience error after until handle customer so that must necessary repair process towards system. Maintenance process and renewal be be done caused by development towards a os so that application must be repaired again so that update. In renewal process here will return to do process planning, data collecting (requirement), analysis system and design, implementation, deployment, testing and return again to evaluation. If there development again, so this cycle be repeated again.
Model Spiral
Picture explanation:
Spiral model is divided to be 4 task areas, that is:
1. Determine objectives
In course of this us will determine what will be be made system, either from also output from itself system.
2. Identify and resolve risk
Seen to deepen our identification process does, planning and analyze risks may be happen. In identification process and planning, we must define beforehand resource, time precision, and other related information project with system that we shall make. While in risk analysis process here we do analysis towards risks may be happen, good also technical.
3. Development and test
Process development and test this is us do process perekayasaan, construction and testing towards system that be made. In process perekayasaan and construction, we do process koding to make a application. While in testing, we do testing process towards system or application that we have made.
4. Plan the next iteration
Iteration process for plan next and or evaluation in the event of request from customer in order to change towards system or application whom we make.
In this spiral model, when is process revolutionary begun, system engineer team moves clockwise surround spiral begun from the kernel. Spiral rotation first track produces development from product spesification. Spiral rotation furthermore may be worn to develop a prototype, and progressively develop system version sophisticateder. Each track that pass planning region produces to setting in project plan.
Approach system development
Found several approach to develop system, that is:
1. Approach classic opponent approaches structured (looked at from methodology that use).
2. Will approach pieces opponent will approach system (will be be looked at from target that be achieve).
3. Approach under-rise opponent approaches on-go down (looked at from manner determines need from system).
4. Approach system-comprehensive opponent approaches moduler (looked at from manner develop it).
5. Approach opponent far jump approaches to bloom (looked at from technology that use).
1. Approach classic opponent approaches structured
Approach classic
Approach classic approach insides system development that follow stages at system life cycle without supplied with tools and techniques memadai. because character from information system now is bing more compleks, approach classic used to develop a successful information system and will evoke several troubleshoots.
troubleshoots that can emerge from approach classic, that is:
1. Software development will be difficult.
Approach classic less give tools and techniques insides develop system and as finally software development process becoming not directional and difficult to done by programmer.
2. Treatment cost or system maintenance will be more expensive.
The expensive treatment cost at approach classic caused because system documentation that developed less complete and less structured.
3. Big system error possibility.
System not menes during the development stage is principal source from system errors. Approach classic doesn't prepare to manner systems analysis to do test system, so that system errors possibility will be bigger.
4. System success less well guaranted.
Emphasis from approach classic work from system developers staffs, not in system user. Because approach classic less involve system user in system development, so system user needs are less matching with the one which desirable and as finally system that applied less success.
5. System applications internal issue.
Because system user involvement undercommunication in system development stage, so only will know only in stage will applied. As finally system user will be startled and unaccustomed with bew system suddenly introduced.
Approach structured
Approach structured equiped with tools and techniques that wanted in system development, so that end result from system that developed be got system the structure will be be defined well and clear.
2. Approach pieces opponent approaches system
· Approach pieces
Approach pieces be to approach system development that emphasized at one particular activity or certain application. Activity that chosen, developed regardless of the position at information system or regardless of overall target from organization.
· Approach system
Approach system pays information system as one integration unitary to each activity or the application. Approach this also emphasized in overall goal achievement from organization, not only in that information target.
3. Approach under - rise opponent approaches on - go down
· Approach under - rise
Approach this begun from level under organization, that is begun from needs formulation to handle transaction and climb level on with formulate information need based on transaction. Approach this also be feature approaches classic. Approach bawah-naik pa is used in systems analysis stage is called also with data term analysis, because that be pressure data that be cultivated beforehand, information that be produced to follow to follow the data.
· Approach on - go down
Approach this on the contrary begun from level on organization, that is begun with define target and organization policy. Step furthermore from approach this do it information need analysis. After information need is determined, so process goes to transaction processing, that is determination output, input, data base, operating procedure and control. Approach this be feature from approach structured. approach on-go down when used in systems analysis stage called also with term desicion analysis, because that be pressure information that wanted for decision making by management beforehand, kamudian data necessary cultivated to defined to follow to follow information that wanted.
4. Approach system - comprehensive opponent approaches moduler
· Approach system - comprehensive
Approach sistem-menyeluruh be to approach develop system together according to comprehensive. Approach this less synchronized for complex system, because will be difficult be developed. Approach this be feature approaches classic.
· Approach moduler
Approach this try memecah complex system is simple some part, so that system easier will be understood and developed. Furthermore consequence system can be developed bick of time that planned, easy understood by system user and easy to maintained. Approach this be feature approaches structured.
5. Approach opponent far jump approaches to bloom
· Approach jump-far
Approach this apply change comprehensive according to together use sophisticated technology. This change contains many risks, because computer technology so fast bloom. Approach this also too expensive, because need investment at the same moment for all technology that used and difficult to developed because too complex.
· Approach to bloom
Approach this apply sophisticated technology just for applications that need in moment that and then be developed for periods next based on technology development. Approach this causes investment not too expensive and can follow fast technology development.
· System development methodology
Methodology methods unitary, procedures, job concepts, rules and postulates that used by a science, art or discipline the other while method a manner, systematic technique to does a certain. System development methodology means methods, procedures, job concepts, rules and postulates that be used to will develop sutu information system. Algorithm sequence procedure to break a problem.
Classification based on existing methodology can classified to be 3, that is:
1. Functional decomposition methodologies.
This methodology emphasizeds in solution from system into subsystems smaller, so that easier to be understood, designed and applied.
Belong this methodology, that is:
– Hipo (hierarchy plus input-proccess-output)
– Stepwise refinement (sr) or iterative stepwise refinement (isr)
– Information-hidding
2. Data-oriented methodologies.
This methodology will emphasized in characteristics from data that be processed. This methodology can be grouped to into 2 class, that is:
a.Data-flow oriented methodologies.
This methodology is based in solution from system intoes modules based on data element type and module logic behaviour insides system. Belong in this methodology, that is:
– Sadt (structured analysis and design techniques)
– Composite design
– Structured system analysis and design (ssad)
b. Data structure oriented methodologies.
This methodology emphasizeds structure from input and output at system.
Belong this methodology, that is:
– Jsd (jakson's system development)
– W/O (winner/orr)
3. Prescriptive methodologies.
This methodology is usually is provided by software maker factory.
Belong in this methodology, that is:
– Isdos (information system design and optimization system)
Use from isdos mengotomatisasi information system development process
isdos has 2 components that is psl and psa.
– Plexsys
To do transformation a sistemen high level computer language to a cartain executable code to a hardware configuration that used.
– Pride
Be a inwrought software good to analysis or design structured system, data management, project management and documentation.
– sdm/70
Be a full software with method collection, estimation, documentation and administration instruction to help use to develop and care effective system.
– spectrum
– sres and srem
– chapin's approach
And several prescriptive methodologies the other:
– dbo
– pad
– hos
– msr
– pdl
Tool in system development
Tools that used in a methodology usually shaped a picture or diagram or graph. graph formed system development tools mengantaranya, that is:
a. hipo diagram
b. data flow diagram
c. structured chart
d. sadt diagram
e. warnier/orr
beside graph formed tools, found several graph formed tools has general likes draft. draft can classified as follows:
1. Draft to desc
Ribe activity (activity charting).
– Draft emits system (system flowchart)
– Draft emit a stream of program (program flowchart) that can be in the form of:
· Draft emits program logic (program logic flowchart)
· Draft emits computer program inci (detailed computer program flowchart)
– Draft emits work paper (paperwork flowchart) or draft emits form (form flowchart)
– Draft emits database connection (database relationship flowchart)
– Draft emits process (process flowchart)
– Gantt chart
2. Draft to describe location order (layout charting).
3. Draft to describe staff connection (staff relatioanship charting).
– work distribution draft (working menytribution chart).
– organization draft (organization chart)
Technique in system development
Techniques that can be used in development system, that is:
a. Project management technique, that is cpm (critical path method) and pert (program evaluation and review technique). This technique is used for project scheduling.
b. Echnique finds fact (fact finding techniques), that is technique that can be used to gather data and find facts in study existing system, deliver it:
– interview
– observation
– questionnaire
– sample collecting
c. Cost/benefit analysis technique (cost-effectiveness analysis or cost benefit analysis)
d. Technique to run meeting
e. Technique inspection/walkthrough.
Analysis system and pemrogram
Analysis system one who analyze system to study and identify that problems and determine user needs system. While pemrogram one who write program code to a certain application based on has planned to get up that made by system analyst. Function and or task from a analyst system that is as mediator or liaison between system user with pemrogram. A analyst system must realize right second erudition differ about the computer technology to can communicate with pemrogram and erudition about application that be developed so that can communicate with system user.
Erudition and skill that need system analyst
Found several vast eruditions and skill that must has by a system analyst, that is:
1. Erudition and skill about data processing technique, computer technology and computer programming.
a. Technical skill that must has belong skill in tool use and technique for application software development with skill in use computer.
b. Echnical erudition that must has cover erudition about hardware, data communication technology, computer languages, os, utilities, and another.
2. Erudition about business in general.
This erudition be wanted so that system analyst can communicate with system user.
3. erudition about quantitative method.
System analyst many use quantitative methods in build application models, like dynamic programming, regresion, network, decision tree, trend, simulation and other as it.
4. Trouble-shooting skill.
System analyst must has ability to put complex troubleshoots that is faced by business, break problem into part - the part, analyze it and then must can braid to return to be a system that can overcome troubleshoots.
5. Communication skill delivers staff.
System analyst must has ability to hold communication either through tongue or article. This skill is need in interview, presentation, meeting and report maker.
6. Skill builds connection delivers staff.
Human is factor critical insides system and human character one with another differ, so that need a skill to build connection delivers staff.
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